Calculators

Calculates the type of chemical bond formed between two atoms based on the difference in their electronegativity values.

Calculates the relative rate of effusion of two gases using Graham's Law, which states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

Convert between PPM and other concentration units like percentage, ppb, ppt, mg/kg, and mg/L (for solutions with a density close to 1 g/mL).

Calculates the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) experienced by an electron in an atom, taking into account the shielding effect of other electrons.

Calculates the fractional surface coverage (θ) based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, which describes the equilibrium between adsorption and desorption of a gas on a solid surface.

This calculator helps winemakers determine the molecular SO2 content for wine stability and provides sulfite addition recommendations based on wine type and pH levels.

This calculator determines the molecular SO2 content in homemade wines, helping winemakers achieve optimal wine preservation. It supports different wine types and pH levels.

Calculates the remaining amount of a substance after a certain period, given its initial amount and half-life.

Calculates the pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles of a real gas using the van der Waals equation of state.

Calculates the relationship between volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure using Charles's Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2.