Calculators

Calculates the lattice energy of an ionic compound using a simplified Born-Landé equation. This calculator provides an estimate of the energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.

Calculates the electromotive force (EMF) of an electrochemical cell using the standard reduction potentials of the half-cells.

Calculates the freezing point depression of a solution using the colligative properties formula. This calculator determines the change in freezing point when a nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent.

Calculates the Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD), also known as the Degree of Unsaturation, which indicates the number of rings and/or pi bonds in a molecule.

Calculates the degrees of freedom (F) in a system using Gibbs' Phase Rule: F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components and P is the number of phases.

Calculates the normality of an acid or base solution using titration data. This calculator is based on the principle of neutralization in acid-base reactions.

Estimates the water hardness based on the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water.

Calculates the saponification value of a fat or oil, which represents the amount of base (typically KOH) required to saponify 1 gram of fat. This value is crucial in soap making and lipid analysis.

Calculates the pH of a buffer solution using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

Calculates the average atomic mass of an element based on the masses and natural abundances of its isotopes.